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Like standard permutation, it lets researchers test whether pre-defined data groups differ significantly in their group-specific parameter estimates, and it supports the MICOM procedure for assessing measurement invariance. Researchers use consistent permutation when their model has been estimated with PLSc-SEM and they need a multigroup comparison or a measurement invariance assessment based on PLSc-SEM results.",{"type":15,"tag":47,"props":48,"children":50},"h2",{"id":49},"how-consistent-permutation-works",[51],{"type":21,"value":52},"How Consistent Permutation Works",{"type":15,"tag":24,"props":54,"children":55},{},[56],{"type":21,"value":57},"Consistent permutation follows the same logic as standard permutation: observations are randomly reassigned between the groups being compared (without replacement), and the model is re-estimated for each permutation to build a distribution of the group differences under the null hypothesis of no difference. The key distinction is that every permutation run is estimated using the consistent PLS-SEM (PLSc-SEM) algorithm instead of the standard PLS-SEM algorithm, so the resulting test statistics reflect the disattenuated, factor-consistent parameter estimates that PLSc-SEM produces.",{"type":15,"tag":47,"props":59,"children":61},{"id":60},"in-smartpls",[62],{"type":21,"value":63},"In SmartPLS",{"type":15,"tag":24,"props":65,"children":66},{},[67],{"type":21,"value":68},"In SmartPLS, consistent permutation is available whenever a multigroup comparison is run on a model that uses the PLSc-SEM algorithm. It offers the same settings as standard permutation (group selection, number of permutations, test type, significance level, and parallel processing), applied on top of the PLSc-SEM estimation, and its results report includes both the multigroup analysis and the MICOM measurement invariance results.",{"type":15,"tag":47,"props":70,"children":72},{"id":71},"frequently-asked-questions",[73],{"type":21,"value":74},"Frequently Asked Questions",{"type":15,"tag":76,"props":77,"children":79},"h3",{"id":78},"what-is-the-difference-between-permutation-and-consistent-permutation",[80],{"type":21,"value":81},"What is the difference between permutation and consistent permutation?",{"type":15,"tag":24,"props":83,"children":84},{},[85],{"type":21,"value":86},"Standard permutation tests group differences and measurement invariance for models estimated with the standard PLS-SEM algorithm. 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